Vocabulary #3 Chapter 13

Adenine: a fundamental components of the nucleic acids as DNA 

Bacteriophage: any of groups of viruses that infect an specific bacteria.

Cloning : duplicate 

cytosine: is ones of the components of DNA and RNA 

Deoxyribonucleic acid:  is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.

DNA ligase: s a specific type of enzyme.

DNA polymerase:  is an enzyme that helps catalyze in the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand.

DNA repair: efers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

DNA replication: s a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance.

Guanine: is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine.

Nucleotide: are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA..

Thymine:s one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.

X-ray diffraction image:  are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films..

Anticodon: s a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA

Base sequence: means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.

Base-pair substitution:  is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA.

Carcinegen: s any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer.

Codon:  is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material.

Deletion: is the act of deleting or removal by striking out material, such as a word or passage, that has been removed from a body of written or printed matter.

exon: is a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule either after portions of a precursor RNA (introns) have been removed by cis-splicing or when two or more precursor RNA molecules have been ligated by trans-splicing. 

Gene mutation : re changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNAsequence of a virus.

Genetic code: is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material.

Insertion: the addition of DNA into a genetic sequence.

Intron: is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to generate the final mature RNA product of a gene.

Ionizin radiation:  consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms ormolecules, thus ionizing them.

mRNA:  is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. 

Mutation rate:  is the chance of a mutation occurring in an organism or gene in each generation.