Adenine: a fundamental components of the nucleic acids as DNA
Bacteriophage: any of groups of viruses that infect an specific bacteria.
Cloning : duplicate
cytosine: is ones of the components of DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid: is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.
DNA ligase: s a specific type of enzyme.
DNA polymerase: is an enzyme that helps catalyze in the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand.
DNA repair: efers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
DNA replication: s a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance.
Guanine: is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine.
Thymine:s one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.
X-ray diffraction image: are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films..
Anticodon: s a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA
Base sequence: means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.
Base-pair substitution: is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA.
Carcinegen: s any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer.
Codon: is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material.
Deletion: is the act of deleting or removal by striking out material, such as a word or passage, that has been removed from a body of written or printed matter.
exon: is a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule either after portions of a precursor RNA (introns) have been removed by cis-splicing or when two or more precursor RNA molecules have been ligated by trans-splicing.
Gene mutation : re changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNAsequence of a virus.
Genetic code: is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material.
Insertion: the addition of DNA into a genetic sequence.
Intron: is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to generate the final mature RNA product of a gene.
Ionizin radiation: consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms ormolecules, thus ionizing them.
Mutation rate: is the chance of a mutation occurring in an organism or gene in each generation.
