Vocabulary #2 Chapter 12

18. Mosaicism: a condition in which an organism or part is composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues owing to experimental manipulation or to faulty distribution of genetic material during

19. Non-disjunction: the failure of chromosomes to separate and segregate into daughter cells at division.

20.  Polyploidy: Having extra sets of chromosomes

21.Reciprocal cross: hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype

22.  Sex chromosome: a chromosome, differing in shape or function from other chromosomes, that determines

23.   Syndrome: a group of  symptoms that together are characteristic of aspecific disorder, disease, or the like.

24. Translocation:  a chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of genetic material from one chromosome becomes heritably linked to another chromosome.

25. X chromosome: a sex chromosome of humans and most mammals that determines femaleness when paired with another X  chromosome and that occurs singly in males.

26.  Y chromosome: a sex chromosome of humans and most mammals that is present only in males and is paired with an X  chromosome.

1.     abortion: any of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months.

2.     Anueploidy : having a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number, caused by one chromosome set being incomplete

3.     Autosome: any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.

4.     Crossing over: the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the diplotene stage of meiosis

5.     Deletion : a type of chromosomal aberration in which a segment of the chromosome is removed or lost

6.     Disease:  a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment.

7.     double-blind study : an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment

8.     duplication: a type of chromosomal aberration in which a region of the chromosome is repeated.

9.     genetic abnormality : a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically

10.genetic disorder: a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically

11. genetic recombination: is a process by which a molecule of nucleic acid (usually DNA, but can also be RNA) is broken and then joined to a different one

12.homologous chromosome: one of a pair of chromosomes that match up at meiosis and are identical in morphology and arrangement

13. in-vitro fertilization: clinics will offer a partial refund if you don't become pregnant after a so many attempts

14.Independent assortment: The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes.

15.           Inversion: a type of chromosomal aberration in which the position of a segment of the chromosome is changed in such a way that the linear order of the genes is reversed.

16. Karyotype: the chromosomes of a cell, usually displayed as a systematized arrangement of chromosome pairs in descending order of size.

17. Linkage group: a group of genes in a chromosome that tends to be inherited as a unit.

Vocabulary #1 chapter 11

1.Allele : any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given locus

2.codominance : Being one of two or more species that are equally dominant in a biotic community

3.continuous variation: A discontinuous variation with several classes, none of which is very small, is known as a polymorphic variation...

4.dihybrid cross : hybridization using two traits with two alleles each

10.Genetics:  of or pertaining to two different alleles that are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual.

11.Heterozygous : having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic

12.homozygous dominant : means having dominant alleles at the same locus on a chromosome.

13.homozygous recessive : Having recessive alleles at the same locus on a chromosome.

14.hybrid offspring : carries two different alleles of the same gene

15.incomplete dominance : Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele

16.independent assortment : Independent assortment is the random assortment of chromosomes during the production of gametes, the results are genetically unique individual gametes

17.monohybrid cross : the offspring of individuals that differ with respect to a particular gene pair.

18.multiple allele system : Any of a set of three or more alleles, or alternative states of a gene, only two of which can be present in a diploid organism.

19.Phenotype : is any observable characteristic or trait of an organism: such as its morphology, development.

20.Pleiotropy: occurs when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits

21.Punnett-square method : is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

22.Segregation : The separation of allelic differences from one another. Segregation may occur at the first or second division of meiosis, or at the first mitosis after meiosis

23.Testcross : is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait

24.true-breeding lineage : is the offspring of a cross between any two true-breading lineages.